Sand pumped · 2014
1,000,000 cy offshore borrow
Who paid
$15.2M 100% federal
Net littoral drift
EAST → WEST 100k–600k cy/yr
public sand public money drift loss →
Dispersed public cost, concentrated private benefit — and a beach that never stops leaving.
Base: Mapbox · Maxar. Flows: USACE FIMP record · USGS / Tanski 2007. Every figure sourced.